CIS Microfiche Library 1970-2002 (CIS Asia Pacific Collection)

 CIS NO: 85-H521-36
 TITLE: Japanese-American and Aleutian Wartime Relocation.
 SOURCE: Committee on the Judiciary. House
 DOC TYPE: Hearing                   COLLATION: iv+989 p. il.
 DATE: June 20, 21, 27, Sept. 12, 1984
 CONGRESS-SESSION: 98-2              SUDOC: Y4.J89/1:98/90
 ITEM NO: 1020-A; 1020-B
 LC CARD NO: 85-601428               MC ENTRY NO: 85-16298

 Committee Serial No. 90. Hearings before the Subcom on Administrative Law
 and Governmental Relations to consider the following bills based on 1982
 report findings and 1983 recommendations of the Commission on Wartime
 Relocation and Internment of Civilians (CWRIC):
 H.R. 4110 (text, p. 949-971), the Civil Liberties Act of 1983, to provide
     payments to Japanese American citizens and resident aliens, and citizens
     of the Aleutian and Pribilof Islands, who were interned, detained, or
     forcibly relocated during WWII.
 H.R. 4322 (text, p. 972-989), the Aleutian and Pribilof Islands Restitution
     Act, to authorize payments to Aleut citizens of the Aleutian and
     Pribilof Islands who were interned, detained, or forcibly relocated
     during WWII.
 Reviews CWRIC findings and recommendations, especially findings regarding
 Japanese American loyalty during WWII and lack of justification for
 relocation on military necessity or other grounds. Focuses on alleged CWRIC
 failure to take into account certain 1940-41 information about possible
 Japanese American subversive activities obtained from secret Japanese
 Government diplomatic messages (referred to as MAGIC cables) intercepted and
 decoded by U.S. intelligence.
   H.R. 3387 (text, p. 941-948), the World War II Civil Liberties Violation
 Redress Act, is cited on cover but not addressed by witnesses.
   Includes a submitted statement and correspondence (p. 407-415, 922-940).
 CONTENT NOTATION: Japanese Amers and resident aliens and Aleut Amers
     relocation and internment during WWII, Fed compensation
 DESCRIPTORS (and special content notations): SUBCOM ON ADMINISTRATIVE LAW
     AND GOVERNMENTAL RELATIONS. HOUSE; RELOCATION; CLAIMS; HISTORY;
     CIVIL LIBERTIES; JUDGMENTS, CIVIL PROCEDURE; WORLD WAR II; JAPANESE
     AMERICANS (Relocation and internment during WWII, Fed compensation);
     ALIENS (Japanese Amers and resident aliens relocation and internment
     during WWII, Fed compensation); INTERNAL SECURITY; PREVENTIVE
     DETENTION; RACIAL DISCRIMINATION (Japanese Amers and resident aliens
     relocation and internment during WWII, Fed compensation); ALEUTIAN
     ISLANDS (Aleut Amers WWII relocation and internment, Fed compensation);
     INDIAN CLAIMS (Aleut Amers WWII relocation and internment, Fed
     compensation); PRIBILOF ISLANDS (Aleut Amers WWII relocation and
     internment, Fed compensation); ALEUTIAN AND PRIBILOF ISLANDS
     RESTITUTION ACT (Aleut Amers WWII relocation and internment, Fed
     compensation); INTELLIGENCE SERVICES (Japanese Amer loyalty during
     WWII, Japanese Govt diplomatic messages evaluation); CRYPTOLOGY
     (Japanese Amer loyalty during WWII, Japanese Govt diplomatic messages
     evaluation); TELECOMMUNICATION (Japanese Amer loyalty during WWII,
     Japanese Govt diplomatic messages evaluation); ESPIONAGE (Japanese
     Amer loyalty during WWII, Japanese Govt diplomatic messages evaluation);
     GOVERNMENT.INFORMATION.AND.INFORMATION.SERVICES (Japanese Amer loyalty
     during WWII, Japanese Govt diplomatic messages evaluation); JAPAN
     (Japanese Amer loyalty during WWII, Japanese Govt diplomatic messages
     evaluation); FOREIGN.DIPLOMATS.AND.MISSIONS.IN.U.S. (Japanese Amer
     loyalty during WWII, Japanese Govt diplomatic messages evaluation);
     NATIONAL.DEFENSE; COMMISSION ON WARTIME RELOCATION AND INTERNMENT OF
     CIVILIANS; CIVIL LIBERTIES ACT; WORLD WAR II CIVIL LIBERTIES VIOLATION
     REDRESS ACT
 BILLS: 98 H.R.3387; 98 H.R.4110; 98 H.R.4322
 LEGISLATIVE HISTORY OF: P.L.100-383

 85-H521-36 TESTIMONY NO: 1         June 20, 1984 p. 8-15
 WITNESSES (and witness notations):
     YOUNG, DON (Rep, R-Alaska)
 STATEMENT AND DISCUSSION: Support for sponsored H.R. 4322.
 CONTENT NOTATION: Aleut Amers WWII relocation and internment, Fed
     compensation

 85-H521-36 TESTIMONY NO: 2         June 20, 1984 p. 29-72
 WITNESSES (and witness notations):
     BERNSTEIN, JOAN Z. (Chm, CWRIC); accompanied by MACBETH, ANGUS
        (Spec Counsel)
     FLEMMING, ARTHUR S. (Member)
 STATEMENTS AND DISCUSSION: Summary of CWRIC findings and recommendations;
     absence of justification for relocation and internment policies against
     Japanese Americans.
 CONTENT NOTATION: Japanese Amers and resident aliens and Aleut Amers
     relocation and internment during WWII, Fed compensation

 85-H521-36 TESTIMONY NO: 3         June 20, 1984 p. 79-82
 WITNESSES (and witness notations):
     TRASK, DAVID F. (Chief Historian, US Army Center of Military History,
        Army Dept)
 STATEMENT AND DISCUSSION: Questioned historical objectivity of CWRIC
     report.
 CONTENT NOTATION: Japanese Amers and resident aliens and Aleut Amers
     relocation and internment during WWII, Fed compensation
 DESCRIPTORS: DEPARTMENT.OF.ARMY

 85-H521-36 TESTIMONY NO: 4         June 20, 1984 p. 83-98
 WITNESSES (and witness notations):
     LUNGREN, DAN (Rep, R-Calif)
 STATEMENT AND DISCUSSION: Objections to H.R. 4110 provisions for monetary
     compensation for Japanese Americans.
 CONTENT NOTATION: Japanese Amers and resident aliens relocation and
     internment during WWII, Fed compensation

 85-H521-36 TESTIMONY NO: 5         June 20, 1984 p. 98-117
 WITNESSES (and witness notations):
     DYMALLY, MERVYN M. (Rep, D-Calif)
     NAKANO, BERT (representing Natl Coalition for Redress/Reparations
        (NCRR))
     KOCHIYAMA, WILLIAM (member, Concerned Japanese-Amers)
 STATEMENTS AND DISCUSSION: Justification for Japanese American
     compensation payments recommended by CWRIC; support for H.R. 4110.
 CONTENT NOTATION: Japanese Amers and resident aliens and Aleut Amers
     relocation and internment during WWII, Fed compensation
 DESCRIPTORS: NATIONAL COALITION FOR REDRESS/REPARATIONS

 85-H521-36 TESTIMONY NO: 6         June 20, 1984 p. 117-150
 WITNESSES (and witness notations):
     MCCLOY, JOHN J. (former Asst Sec, War Dept)
 STATEMENT AND DISCUSSION: Justification for relocation of Japanese
     Americans following Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor; factors influencing
     Government treatment of Japanese Americans; importance to relocation
     decision of intercepted Japanese MAGIC cables indicating potential
     Japanese American subversive activities.
 CONTENT NOTATION: Japanese Amers and resident aliens relocation and
     internment during WWII, Fed compensation
 DESCRIPTORS: PEARL HARBOR, HAWAII

 85-H521-36 TESTIMONY NO: 7         June 21, 1984 p. 151-293
 WITNESSES (and witness notations):
     MASAOKA, MIKE M. (former DC rep, Japanese American Citizens League
        (JACL); natl aff consultant and DC liaison, Go For Broke, Inc)
 STATEMENT AND DISCUSSION: Absence of justification for wartime relocation
     and internment of Japanese Americans in light of demonstrated loyalty;
     role of Japanese American servicemen in WWII; assessment of CWRIC
     recommendations and implementation under H.R. 4110, with suggested H.R.
     4110 amendments.
       Examination of court cases pertaining to relocation of Japanese
     Americans; review of JACL activities in support of Japanese American
     issues and concerns; inadequacy of payments to Japanese Americans under
     the Japanese American Evacuation Claims Act of 1948.
       Questioned validity of arguments against H.R. 4110 based on voluntary
     Japanese American cooperation with military relocation orders or U.S.
     military requirements; viewed role of racial prejudice in 1942
     relocation decision of Army Western Defense Command Commanding Gen. John
     L. DeWitt; importance of MAGIC cables in relocation deliberations.
 INSERTION: 
     -- Go For Broke, Inc., glossary of pertinent acronyms and words as
        generally used and understood by evacuees (p. 280-283).
 CONTENT NOTATION: Japanese Amers and resident aliens and Aleut Amers
     relocation and internment during WWII, Fed compensation
 DESCRIPTORS (and special content notations): GLOSSARIES; JAPANESE
     AMERICAN CITIZENS LEAGUE; MILITARY.PERSONNEL (Japanese Amer
     servicemen's role in WWII); CASE LAW (Japanese Amers and resident
     aliens WWII relocation and internment, court cases review); PREJUDICE
     (Japanese Amers and resident aliens relocation and internment during
     WWII); DEWITT, JOHN L. (Japanese Amers and resident aliens relocation
     and internment during WWII); JAPANESE AMERICAN EVACUATION CLAIMS ACT
     (Japanese Amers and resident aliens relocation and internment during
     WWII, Fed compensation); ARMY (Japanese Amers and resident aliens
     relocation and internment during WWII); GO FOR BROKE, INC.

 85-H521-36 TESTIMONY NO: 8         June 21, 1984 p. 293-406, 416
 WITNESSES (and witness notations):
     KIRTLAND, JOHN C. (spec counsel, Aleutian/Pribilof Islands Assn
        (APIA), Aleut Corp., and Aleutian Housing Authority (AHA))
     TUTIAKOFF, PHILEMON M. (bd chm, APIA)
     KRUKOFF, AGAFON, JR. (pres and chief exec officer, Aleut Corp)
     MERCULIEF, PAUL (Rev.) (bd member, Aleut Corp; chm, AHA)
     TUTIAKOFF, VINCENT M., SR. (former pres, Unalaska Corp; bd member,
        Aleut Corp)
     ERMALOFF, WILLIAM (pres, Chaluka Corp)
 STATEMENTS AND DISCUSSION: Basis of Aleuts WWII relocation compensation
     claims; description of Aleuts relocation and internment during WWII;
     endorsement of H.R. 4322.
 INSERTIONS: 
     a. Kirtland, J. C.; and Novelli, Catherine A., "Relocation and
        Internment of the Aleut People During World War II: A Case in Law and
        Equity for Compensation" legal memo, June 21, 1984 (p. 298-329).
     b. APIA, program summary, with FY82-FY83 financial rpts (p. 331-360).
     c. AHA, program summary, with Apr. 1, 1981-Mar. 31, 1983 financial
        statements (p. 365-394).
 CONTENT NOTATION: Aleut Amers WWII relocation and internment, Fed
     compensation
 DESCRIPTORS (and special content notations): ALEUTIAN/PRIBILOF ISLANDS
     ASSOCIATION; NOVELLI, CATHERINE A. ("Relocation and Internment of the
     Aleut People During World War II: A Case in Law and Equity for
     Compensation"); CASE LAW ("Relocation and Internment of the Aleut
     People During World War II: A Case in Law and Equity for Compensation");
     ACCOUNTING AND AUDITING (Aleutian Housing Authority 1981-83 financial
     statements); STATISTICAL DATA: BANKING, FINANCE, AND INSURANCE
     (Aleutian Housing Authority 1981-83 financial statements); STATISTICAL
     DATA: HOUSING AND CONSTRUCTION (Aleutian Housing Authority 1981-83
     financial statements); ALEUT CORP.; ALEUTIAN HOUSING AUTHORITY

 85-H521-36 TESTIMONY NO: 9         June 27, 1984 p. 417-430
 WITNESSES (and witness notations):
     STRATTON, SAMUEL S. (Rep, D-NY)
 STATEMENT AND DISCUSSION: Opposition to H.R. 4110 compensation payments in
     light of wartime circumstances surrounding relocation.
 CONTENT NOTATION: Japanese Amers and resident aliens and Aleut Amers
     relocation and internment during WWII, Fed compensation

 85-H521-36 TESTIMONY NO: 10        June 27, 1984 p. 430-548
 WITNESSES (and witness notations):
     LOWMAN, DAVID D. (former Intelligence Officer, NSA)
 STATEMENT AND DISCUSSION: Claimed factual errors in CWRIC report resulting
     from failure to consider information available from MAGIC cables; review
     of MAGIC cables pertaining to Japanese Americans (transcripts, p.
     493-499).
       Justification for relocation order, citing Government concerns about
     the loyalty of Japanese Americans and potential espionage; evidence of
     MAGIC cables reliability and role in Government relocation policy.
       Viewed CWRIC misrepresentation of U.S. intelligence community opinion
     regarding relocation of Japanese Americans; aspects of Japanese and U.S.
     intelligence operations during WWII, including Japanese activities in
     Latin America.
 INSERTION: 
     -- Navy Dept, "Japanese Intelligence and Propaganda in the U.S. During
        1941" confidential rpt, Dec. 4, 1941 (p. 504-529).
 CONTENT NOTATION: Japanese Amers and resident aliens relocation and
     internment during WWII, Fed compensation
 DESCRIPTORS (and special content notations): LATIN AMERICA (Japanese WWII
     intelligence activity in Latin Amer); DEPARTMENT.OF.NAVY ("Japanese
     Intelligence and Propaganda in the U.S. During 1941"); PROPAGANDA
     ("Japanese Intelligence and Propaganda in the U.S. During 1941");
     INTELLIGENCE SERVICES (Japanese WWII intelligence activity in Latin
     Amer and US)

 85-H521-36 TESTIMONY NO: 11        June 27, 1984 p. 549-568
 WITNESSES (and witness notations):
     KUBO, HARRY (pres, Nisei Farmers League)
 STATEMENT AND DISCUSSION: Views on CWRIC recommendations in light of
     Japanese American WWII relocation experiences.
 CONTENT NOTATION: Japanese Amers and resident aliens relocation and
     internment during WWII, Fed compensation

 85-H521-36 TESTIMONY NO: 12        June 27, 1984 p. 568-598
 WITNESSES (and witness notations):
     MASUGI, KEN (resident fellow, Claremont Inst)
 STATEMENT AND DISCUSSION: Criticism of CWRIC findings and recommendations
     relating to Japanese Americans; questioned reliability of report
     historical content.
 CONTENT NOTATION: Japanese Amers and resident aliens relocation and
     internment during WWII, Fed compensation

 85-H521-36 TESTIMONY NO: 13        June 27, 1984 p. 599-656
 WITNESSES (and witness notations):
     SHIMOMURA, FLOYD (natl pres, JACL)
     YASUI, MINORU (chm, Natl Committee for Redress, JACL)
     TATEISHI, JOHN Y. (natl redress dir, JACL)
 STATEMENTS AND DISCUSSION: Endorsement of H.R. 4110 in light of civil
     rights violations and other injustices suffered by WWII Japanese
     Americans; perspectives on relocation, internment, and redress issues;
     refutation of arguments justifying U.S. relocation policy, including
     security concerns.
 CONTENT NOTATION: Japanese Amers and resident aliens and Aleut Amers
     relocation and internment during WWII, Fed compensation
 DESCRIPTORS: JAPANESE AMERICAN CITIZENS LEAGUE; CIVIL RIGHTS

 85-H521-36 TESTIMONY NO: 14        Sept. 12, 1984 p. 658-680
 WITNESSES (and witness notations):
     ENNIS, EDWARD J. (former Gen Counsel, Immigration and Naturalization
        Service; former Dir, Alien Enemy Control Unit, Justice Dept)
 STATEMENT AND DISCUSSION: Summary of Justice Dept involvement in WWII
     Japanese American relocation decision; basis for 1942 objections to
     relocation efforts of War Dept and Army Western Defense Command
     Commanding Gen. John L. DeWitt.
 CONTENT NOTATION: Japanese Amers and resident aliens relocation and
     internment during WWII
 DESCRIPTORS: DEPARTMENT.OF.JUSTICE; WAR DEPARTMENT;
     FEDERAL.INTERAGENCY.RELATIONS; DEWITT, JOHN L.; ARMY

 85-H521-36 TESTIMONY NO: 15        Sept. 12, 1984 p. 680-699
 WITNESSES (and witness notations):
     BENDETSEN, KARL R. (former Asst Chief of Staff, Civil Aff, Western Def
        Command and 4th Army)
 STATEMENT AND DISCUSSION: Disagreement with CWRIC findings pertaining to
     Japanese American relocation; explanation of military orders and policy
     regarding relocation operations.
 CONTENT NOTATION: Japanese Amers and resident aliens relocation and
     internment during WWII, Fed compensation

 85-H521-36 TESTIMONY NO: 16        Sept. 12, 1984 p. 699-762
 WITNESSES (and witness notations):
     WIENER, FREDERICK B. (Col., ret.) (Army)
 STATEMENT AND DISCUSSION: Flaws in CWRIC process and report, focusing on
     conclusions relating to Japanese American loyalties and Government
     motivation for relocation policy; justification for relocation policy in
     light of wartime conditions; opposition to H.R. 4110; evidence of bias
     on the part of CWRIC members (related materials, p. 743-762).
 CONTENT NOTATION: Japanese Amers and resident aliens and Aleut Amers
     relocation and internment during WWII, Fed compensation

 85-H521-36 TESTIMONY NO: 17        Sept. 12, 1984 p. 763-801, 911-921
 WITNESSES (and witness notations):
     FUNABIKI, KIKU H.
     OHAMA, BEN (both relocation center ex-detainees)
 STATEMENTS AND DISCUSSION: Reflections on WWII relocation experiences and
     feelings, including Kiku Funabiki impressions relating to imprisonment
     of her father Sojiro Hori.
 CONTENT NOTATION: Japanese Amers and resident aliens relocation and
     internment during WWII
 DESCRIPTORS (and special content notations): HORI, SOJIRO; POLITICAL
     PRISONERS (Sojiro Hori imprisonment during WWII); FAMILIES

 85-H521-36 TESTIMONY NO: 18        Sept. 12, 1984 p. 801-909
 WITNESSES (and witness notations):
     HERZIG, JOHN A. (Lt. Col., ret.) (sr assoc, Crisis Analysis Center;
        former Counterintelligence Officer, Army)
 STATEMENT AND DISCUSSION: Critical analysis of June 27 testimony by David
     D. Lowman (see H521-36.10) regarding significance of MAGIC cables in
     Japanese American relocation decision (related materials, p. 844-856,
     863-866); review and assessment of MAGIC cables, CWRIC hearings, and
     other evidence relating to alleged Japanese American disloyalty.
 INSERTIONS: 
     a. Lowman, David D., response to and refutation of Herzig charges
        regarding validity of June 27 testimony, correspondence, Sept. 2,
        1984 (p. 868-881).
     b. California Legislature, "Japanese Problems in California" excerpts
        from Jt Fact-Finding Committee on Un-Amer Activities in Calif rpt on
        1943-44 investigations, Apr. 16, 1945 (p. 882-908).
 CONTENT NOTATION: Japanese Amers and resident aliens relocation and
     internment during WWII, Fed compensation
 DESCRIPTORS (and special content notations): CALIFORNIA ("Japanese
     Problems in California" Calif Un-Amer Activities Committee investigative
     rpt, 1943-44); GOVERNMENT.INVESTIGATIONS ("Japanese Problems in
     California" Calif Un-Amer Activities Committee investigative rpt,
     1943-44); STATE.LEGISLATURES ("Japanese Problems in California" Calif
     Un-Amer Activities Committee investigative rpt, 1943-44); LOWMAN, DAVID
     D.

 85-H521-36 TESTIMONY NO: 19        Additional Testimony
 WITNESSES (and witness notations):
     LOWRY, MIKE ((Rep, D-Wash), p. 15-20)
     BURTON, SALA ((Rep, D-Calif), p. 20-23)
     MATSUI, ROBERT T. ((Rep, D-Calif), p. 23-28)
     MINETA, NORMAN Y. ((Rep, D-Calif), p. 72-78)
 STATEMENTS AND DISCUSSION: Endorsement of H.R. 4110.
 CONTENT NOTATION: Japanese Amers and resident aliens and Aleut Amers
     relocation and internment during WWII, Fed compensation